[[PIE morphology MOC]]
# PIE case system
As in many daughter languages,
PIE case was a non-lexically governed concord class affecting nominals.
Each case more or less represented a different function,
though with much overlap especially in later stages and daughters.[^2017]

[^2017]: [[@ringeProtoIndoEuropeanProtoGermanic2017|From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic]], p. 25 (§2.3.2)

## Cases
#### Vocative
The [[vocative case]] represented ==direct address==.
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#### Nominative
The [[nominative case]] represented ==the subject of a finite verb or the compliment of a copulative==.
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#### Accusative
The [[accusative case]] represented ==the direct object==.
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#### Dative
The [[dative case]] represented ==an indirect object, purpose, as well as benefactive cases and sometimes possession==.
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#### Genitive
The [[genitive case]] formed ==compliments to noun phrases with implications of possession, measure, and [[partitive case|partitive]]==.
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#### Instrumental
The [[instrumental case]] represented ==an instrument or accompaniment==.
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#### Ablative
The [[ablative case]] represented ==motion away from or separation==.
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#### Locative
The [[locative case]] represented ==the location or time at, or within which==.
<!--SR:!2023-11-10,61,230-->

#### Allative
[[Allative case]] represented ==motion towards something==.
While it was only attested in [[Old Hittite]],
some adverbs in Greek appear to be fossilised allatives.
<!--SR:!2023-12-03,84,270-->

- PIE allative <em class="recon">/ǵʰmáh₂/</em> (by [[Lindeman's option]] surfacing _<span class="recon">ǵṃáh₂</span> ~ <span class="recon">ǵmáh₂</span>_) "to the ground" (allative)
  - Old Hittite _<span class="ling">taknāh</span>_ (allative)
  - Homeric Greek _<span class="ling">χᾰμαί</span>_ (adverb)

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